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Chronicles

The story behind the story

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Imposition of bitcoin on El Salvador's unwilling population by the increasingly authoritarian ruler Nayib Bukele is testing BTC's promise of financial liberty

New York Times

Context & Ripple Effects

When El Salvador became the first country to adopt bitcoin as legal tender in September 2021, the rollout was contested from day one — street protests over money laundering, forced trade, and unconstitutionality greeted the law before wallets were even distributed. By year's end, the government's own Chivo app was failing its users, with citizens reporting bitcoin vanishing from their Chivo wallets.

The NYT piece frames what followed as a test of bitcoin's core pitch: a technology marketed as financial liberty is being deployed top-down by an increasingly authoritarian leader. The arc since then has run through a deepening economic crisis with funding sources drying up to Bukele doubling down in 2024 even as the IMF demanded removal as legal tender and 88% of citizens reported not using BTC at all.

First-order effects

  • Salvadorans are legally required to accept a volatile asset they did not choose — merchants and wage earners bear the immediate risk while the Chivo wallet failures left early adopters holding vanished funds.
  • Bitcoin's brand takes the direct hit: a currency whose price slumped over the same period is now publicly associated with coerced adoption rather than voluntary escape from weak institutions.

Second-order effects

  • The IMF's demand that BTC be stripped of legal-tender status ties El Salvador's access to international financing directly to its crypto policy — every loan negotiation now doubles as a referendum on bitcoin.
  • Other governments watching the experiment get a cautionary data point: adoption without organic demand produces usage figures like 88% non-use, making copycat legal-tender mandates politically harder to sell.

Third-order effects

  • If the pattern holds, national crypto adoption splits into two models — grassroots accumulation versus state imposition as propaganda — and the legitimacy of bitcoin as 'freedom money' depends on which model dominates the headlines.
  • Sustained divergence between an authoritarian state's bitcoin branding and its citizens' actual behavior could eventually draw regulators and standard-setters into defining what legal-tender status for a cryptocurrency even means.

The trend: State-level bitcoin adoption is becoming a geopolitical branding exercise that tests whether crypto can survive being adopted top-down rather than embraced bottom-up.

Discussion

  • @steve_hanke Steve Hanke on x
    .@nayibbukele's #Bitcoin Law is already causing legal and regulatory problems in El Salvador. Bukele's $30 promise to new Chivo wallet users has ushered in a wave of identity theft and cybercrime investigations. It won't be long before ELSL is sanctioned. https://cnnespanol.cnn.c…
  • @decryptmedia Decrypt on x
    El Salvador will spend its $4 million Bitcoin profits on a pet hospital, President Nayib Bukele said today. https://decrypt.co/... https://twitter.com/...
  • @steve_hanke Steve Hanke on x
    Forbes staffer @Avik claims the Chivo wallet's 3M downloads signals success for ELSL's Bitcoin Law. But, is allowing the govt to track all transactions via Chivo a success or a massive invasion of privacy? Forbes has bitten into Bukele's totalitarian bait. https://www.forbes.com/…
  • @reuters @reuters on x
    ICYMI: A month on from El Salvador's move towards #Bitcoin, the digital currency remains a divisive issue with some residents embracing crypto whilst others remain hesitant to change https://www.reuters.com/... https://twitter.com/...
  • @steve_hanke Steve Hanke on x
    .@nayibbukele is championing #Bitcoin as the currency of the future for El Salvador. He claims that Salvadorans are welcoming the change with open arms. Totally false. Bukele is and remains dangerous and delusional. https://twitter.com/...
  • @steve_hanke Steve Hanke on x
    One month into @nayibbukele's crackpot #Bitcoin experiment, Salvadorans still aren't taking to BTC like ducks to water. 93% of companies still haven't received any payment in BTC, & only 12% of consumers have used BTC to pay. Salvadorans love their dollars https://www.reuters.com…
  • @reuters @reuters on x
    ICYMI: One month on, El Salvador's #Bitcoin use grows, but headaches persist with some users reporting irregularities with transactions and attempts of stolen identity https://www.reuters.com/... https://twitter.com/...
  • @ncweaver Nicholas Weaver on x
    The El Salvador cryptocurrency situation is really really bad. And has potential to get a LOT worse. And for all the Bitcoin Bros embracing a dictator, go fuck yourselves and your abandonment of your libertarian ideology because in the end you really only care that Number Go Up h…
  • @dschatsky David Schatsky on x
    In El Salvador, Bitcoin “was imposed on an unwilling population by an increasingly authoritarian ruler using a secretive state-run system...” Asking whether crypto becomes “another tool of control and enrichment for autocrats and corporations.” https://www.nytimes.com/...
  • @georgeselgin George Selgin on x
    An excellent report summing-up the odd and potentially explosive mix of libertarian ideology and authoritarian government that is El Salvador's bitcoin gambit, by @AKurmanaev and @el72champs https://www.nytimes.com/...
  • @parismarx Paris Marx on x
    “According to a poll conducted by El Salvador's chamber of commerce, businessmen, international organizations and 93% of Salvadoran people opposed the adoption of bitcoin.” Do crypto capitalists care what the Salvadoran people think? Absolutely not. https://www.nytimes.com/...
  • @nytben @nytben on x
    So much #Bitcoin talk focuses what it might theoretically do to finance in the future. So it's nice to read an on the ground story from the first country to start using is currency...with very mixed results. https://www.nytimes.com/...
  • @reckless Nilay Patel on x
    Thrilled to see another generation get its “real socialism hasn't been tried” https://www.nytimes.com/... https://twitter.com/...
  • @marybsheridan Mary Beth Sheridan on x
    What a lead. What a story, about the strange and counter-intuitive Bitcoin experiment in El Salvador. By ⁦@AKurmanaev⁩ ⁦@bavelarr⁩ ⁦@_fredramos⁩ https://www.nytimes.com/...